Isotopes Definition and Examples in Chemistry

Isotopes [ahy-suh-tohps]  are atoms with the same number of protons, but differing numbers of neutrons. In other words, the have different atomic weights. Isotopes are different forms of a single element. Key Takeaways: Isotopes Isotopes are samples of an element with different numbers of neutrons in their atoms.The number of protons for different isotopes of an element does not change.Not all isotopes are radioactive. Stable isotopes either never decay or else decay very slowly. Radioactive isotopes undergo decay.When an isotope decays, the starting material is the parent isotope. The resulting material is the daughter isotope. There are 275 isotopes of the 81 stable elements. There are over 800 radioactive isotopes, some of which are natural and some synthetic. Every element on the periodic table has multiple isotope forms. The chemical properties of isotopes of a single element tend to be nearly identical. The exception would be the isotopes of hydrogen  since the number of neutrons has such a significant effect on the size of the hydrogen nucleus. The physical properties of isotopes are different from each other since these properties often depend on mass. This difference may be used to separate isotopes of an element from each other by using fractional distillation and diffusion. With the exception of hydrogen, the most abundant isotopes of the natural elements have the same number of protons and neutrons. The most abundant form of hydrogen is protium, which has one proton and no neutrons. Isotope Notation There are a couple of common ways to indicate isotopes: List the mass number of an element after its name or element symbol. For example, an isotope with 6 protons and 6 neutrons is carbon-12 or C-12. An isotope with 6 protons and 7 neutrons is carbon-13 or C-16. Note the mass number of two isotopes may be the same, even though they are different elements. For example, you could have carbon-14 and nitrogen-14.The mass number may be given in the upper left side of an element symbol. (Technically the mass number and atomic number should be stacked in line with each other, but they dont always line up on a computer.) For example, the isotopes of hydrogen may be written:11H,  21H,  31H Isotope Examples Carbon 12 and Carbon 14 are both isotopes of carbon, one with 6 neutrons and one with 8 neutrons (both with 6 protons). Carbon-12 is a stable isotope, while carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope (radioisotope). Uranium-235 and uranium-238 occur naturally in the Earths crust. Both have long half-lives. Uranium-234 forms as a decay product. Related Words Isotope (noun), Isotopic (adjective), Isotopically (adverb), Isotopy (noun) Isotope Word Origin and History The term isotope was introduced by the British chemist Frederick Soddy in 1913, as recommended by Margaret Todd. The word means having the same place from the Greek words isos equal (iso-) topos place. Isotopes occupy the same place on the periodic table even though isotopes of an element have different atomic weights. Parent and Daughter Isotopes When radioisotopes undergo radioactive decay, the initial isotope may be different from the resulting isotope. The initial isotope is called the parent isotope, while the atoms produced by the reaction are called daughter isotopes. More than one type of daughter isotope may result. As an example, when  U-238 decays into Th-234, the uranium atom is the parent isotopes, while the thorium atom is the daughter isotope. A Note About Stable Radioactive Isotopes Most stable isotopes dont undergo radioactive decay, but a few do. If an isotope undergoes radioactive decay very, very slowly, it may be termed stable. An example is bismuth-209. Bismuth-209 is a stable radioactive isotope that undergoes alpha-decay, but has a half-life of 1.9 x 1019 years (which is more than a billion times longer than the estimated age of the universe). Tellurium-128 undergoes beta-decay with a half-life estimated to be 7.7 x 1024 years! Historical References Alexander Thomas Cameron,  Radiochemistry  (London, England: J. M. Dent Sons, 1910), p. 141. Soddy, Frederick. Intra-atomic charge. Nature 92, Springer Nature Publishing AG, 1913.. Strà ¶mholm, Daniel and Svedberg, Theodor (1909) Untersuchungen à ¼ber die Chemie der radioactiven Grundstoffe II. (Investigations into the chemistry of the radioactive elements, part 2),  Zeitschrift fà ¼r anorganischen Chemie,  63: 197–206. Thomson, J. J. (1912). XIX. Further experiments on positive rays.  Philosophical Magazine. Series 6.  24  (140): 209.

Hipaa Privacy Rule Breach Of Privacy - 1253 Words

HIPAA Privacy Rule: Breach of Privacy While HIPAA violation are sometimes unintentional, it should be taken seriously because it is a violation of patient privacy, it can cause a lifetime of embarrassment harm to one’s reputation, and individuals/entities can be fined and jailed for their offense. Regardless, if it is at work or home healthcare professionals should practice legal and ethical behaviors so that they can avoid HIPAA violation. As stated by Flite Harman (2013), â€Å"Too long a coffee break and too much irrelevant conversation take away the dignity of our work, as well as being dishonest†. Investigation When a HIPAA violation has taken place it is important that the person who discovers/discloses the unauthorized information immediately report to their supervisor so that they can contain the breach. The nurse in this case did not handle the case properly. There are four steps to follow through when PHI are accidentally disclosed: 1) contain the breach 2) pre-notify 3) notify 4) investigate and remedial action (Kwiatkowski, 2013). In this case, the nurse knew that she made a mistake by disclosing the young girl’s name and asked that her daughter not share the information with anybody else, but she failed to do so and the rumor quickly spread through four high schools. Therefore, the breach was not contained and further actions needed to take place. The nurse should have called her supervisor about the situation immediately so that an immediate investigation isShow MoreRelatedHipaa Violations Within The United States1166 Words   |  5 PagesDuring this research, there has be en a collection of data that had been connected to the instances of HIPAA violations within the United States. 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It is part of government legislation that was created to safeguard medical information and any health records related to an individual. Government gave providers a deadline

Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points Free Essays

string(37) " Belgian case distinct and symbolic\." METHODOLOGY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS â€Å"WOODROW WILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTS† By: Astrid Leony Longdong / 043 2010 0004 Dwi Setiawati Endi / 043 2010 0009 Candice Hermawan / 043 2010 0011 Mella Melia / 043 2010 0016 Lecturer: Indra V. A. Krishnamurti, S. We will write a custom essay sample on Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sos, M. Asian St. Date/Day: Thursday, 27th September 2012 [pic] INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITAS PELITA HARAPAN KARAWACI 2012 WOODROW WILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTS 8th President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson, played a very dominant role in the end of World War I with his Fourteen Points, which also known as Wilson’s Fourteen Points. The Fourteen Points as set forth by Wilson can be seen as the following: 1. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind, but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. The purpose is clearly to prohibit treaties, sections of treaties or understandings that are secret. It is proposed that in future every treaty be part of the public law of the world and that every nation assume a certain obligation in regard to its enforcement. Nations cannot assume obligations in matters of which they are ignorant; and therefore any secret treaty tends to undermine the solidity of the whole structure of international covenants which it is proposed to erect. 2. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. It refers to navigation under the three following conditions: (1) general peace; (2) a general war, entered into by the League of Nations for the purpose of enforcing international covenants; (3) limited war, involving no breach of international covenants. Simply said, it is meant free navigation of all seas. 3. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance. The proposal means the destruction of all special commercial agreements, each putting the trade of every other nation in the League on the same basis, the most-favored-nation clause applying automatically to all members of the League of Nation. This is now what we known as free trade in which all economic barriers between countries will end. 4. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest points consistent with domestic safety. â€Å"Domestic safety† clearly implies not only internal policing, but the protection of territory against invasion and the reduction of weapon numbers. . A free, open-minded and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty, the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. The German colonies and any other colonies which may come under international consideration as a result of the war. The stipulation is that in the case of the German colonies the title is to be determined after the conclusion of the war by â€Å"impartial adjustment† based on certain principles. . The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their goodwill, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. The problem of these nationalities is complicated by two facts: (1) that they have conflicting claims; (2) that the evacuation called for in the proposal may be followed by Bolshevist revolutions in all of them. Therefore the evacuating of the territory, if it resulted in class war, would very probably also take the form of a conflict of nationalities. It is clearly to the interests of a good settlement that the real nation in each territory should be consulted rather than the ruling and possessing class. 7. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired. The only problem raised here is in the word â€Å"restored. † The restoration is to be in kind or how the amount of the indemnity is to be determined is a matter of detail, not of principle. Among the consequences may be put the war debt of Belgium. The recognition of this principle would constitute â€Å"the healing act† of which the President speaks. In short, Belgium should be independent as it was before the war. 8. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. As the world stood in 1914, war between France and Germany was not in itself a violation of international law, and great insistence should be put upon keeping the Belgian case distinct and symbolic. You read "Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points" in category "Essay examples" The status of Alsace-Lorraine was settled by the official statement. The best solution would seem to be a free choice by the [people of] Luxembourg themselves. 9. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. A conflict with Greece appears through the Greek claim to northern Epirus, or what is now southern Albania. This would bring Greece closer to Valona than Italy desires. A second conflict with Greece occurs over the Aegean Islands of the Dodecanese, but it is understood that a solution favorable to Greece is being worked out. Italy’s claims in Turkey belong to the problem of the Turkish Empire. 10. The people of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development. The United States is clearly committed to the program of national unity and independence. It must stipulate, however, for the protection of national minorities, for freedom of access to the Adriatic and the Black Sea, and it supports a program aiming at a confederation of Southeastern Europe. 11. Rumania, [Serbia], and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into. This proposal is also altered by events. Serbia and Rumania wil have 11 or 12 inhabitants and will be far greater and stronger than Bulgaria. Balkan states should be allowed for self-determination and guarantees of independence. 12. The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development; and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. A general code of guarantees binding upon all mandataries in Asia Minor should be written into the Treaty of Peace. This should contain provisions for minorities and the â€Å"open door. † The trunk railroad lines should be internationalized. 13. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenants. The principle on which frontiers will be [delimited] is contained in the President’s word â€Å"indisputably. This may imply the taking of an impartial census before frontiers are marked. The chief problem is whether Poland is to obtain territory west of the Vistula, which would cut off the Germans of East Prussia from the empire, or whether Danzig can be made a free port and the Vistula internationalized. 14. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of poli tical independence and territorial integrity to great and small [states] alike. The principle of a League of Nations as the primary essential of a permanent peace is the foundation of the whole diplomatic structure of a permanent peace in order to guarantee the political and territorial independence of all states. Wilson’s Fourteen Points were well received by the public either home or abroad, but many foreign leaders, such as David Llyoid George, Georges Clemenceau, and Vittorio Orlando were very skeptical about it[1]. Those who were skeptical doubted whether it could be effectively applied to the real world. Clearly, from his Fourteen Points alone, in which he issued as a basis for peace on January 1918, Woodrow Wilson was an idealist. Instead of his famous Fourteen Points, the League of Nations and the World War I Peace Treaty were the products of his idealism. Wilson’s idealism, however, was not merely an idealism. It was more to crusading idealism, where his idealistic nature was apparent through his beliefs as a Christian[2]. His idealistic vision, especially Fourteen Points, had motivated the world with the core lists of what we have widely known now as self-determintation of peoples, free trade, disarmament, open diplomacy. Wilson’s thoughts have been enlighted the world in long term, and for most of it, Wilson did not present a way to achieve his goals[3]. So, he basically just lead people through the door he created, but people themselves had to figure out the rest of their own. Wilson, like most of the idealists, is characterized by thinking and planning based upon the ideas that are fit for a perfect world, or at least how a world should be perfect in an imperfect world. The only thing with most of idealists, in this case Wilson, was that he got the right and brilliant ideas, but no body’s in his era got his forward-thinking as he was in different state of mind and vision. It is clear that Woodrow Wilson has imprinted a lasting legacy to the world that we now know. His idealism has brought the world into such a dramatic make over in a better and positive way. Though some of his ideas seemed to be failed, like League of Nations for example, but he gave the world of what we call as the very first ideas and inspirations. People learned from his mistakes and made some kind of innovation that was based upon his failures, like the United Nations which was based on the failed League of Nations. So, in conclusion, Woodrow Wilson is one of well-known idealists and the most influential as well. For the world that we now live in and enjoy, it would not be as it is now (with free trade, the United Nations, and the other legacies) if it weren’t because of him. BIBLIOGRAPHY â€Å"Woodrow Wilson-The Idealist Essay†. Free Essay Must Be Free! TM. Retrieved September 26, 2012 from http://essaymania. com/110139/woodrow-wilson-the-idealist Hickman, Kennedy. â€Å"World War I: The Fourteen Points†. About. com Military History. Retrieved September 26, 2012 from http://militaryhistory. about. com/od/worldwari/p/World-War-I-The-Fourteen-Poin ts. htm â€Å"Paper Analysis: Realist vs. Idealist† Essay001. blogspot. com Retrieved September 26, 2012 from http://essay001. blogspot. com/2007/11/realism-vs-idealism. html ———————– 1] Hickman, Kennedy. World War I: The Fourteen Points. Retrieved on September 26, 2012 from http://militaryhistory. about. com/od/worldwari/p/World-War-I-The-Fourteen-Points. htm [2] Essay Mania. com. Woodrow Wilson-The Idealist Essay. Retrieved on September 26, 2012 from http://essaymania. com/110139/woodrow-wilson-the-idealist [3] Essay001. blogspot. com. Paper Analysis: Realist vs. Idealist. Retrieved on September 26, 2012 from http://essay001. blogspot. com/2007/11/realism-vs-idealism. html How to cite Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points, Essay examples

Gross Domestic Product Economy

Question: Discuss about the Gross Domestic Product Economy. Answer: Introduction The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country is defined as the final monetary value of all the goods and services produced within the boundaries of the country in a given financial year. (Mankiw, 2006) The GDP of a closed economy is mainly composed of private consumption expenditures, private and public investments and government expenditures. (Dornbusch, Fischer and Startz, 2010) However, when a country is expose to the global forum, that is, when a country is involved in international trade, the GDP along with the other components also includes the net exports. (Krugman, 2007) Exports which add to the national income of a country are added to the GDP whereas imports which represent an outflow of income are deducted from the national income, that is, the GDP. Hence, we consider the net exports in the GDP calculation. (Blanchard,2007 ) The GDP is an indicator of the economic growth and the standard of living of a country. (Case and Fair, 2006), (Blanchard, 2006) GDP is the most important measure in evaluating the economic performance of a country. The growth of GDP reflects the economic growth rate of a country. The GDP is hence an indicator of the economic progress of a country. As and when the GDP grows, the output in the economy expands. In financial terms, this implies an increase in the income of the people which is turn boosts both consumption and investment demand and the cycle continues. The economy develops gradually through this process. Once an economy is exposed to international trade, the aggregate demand receives a boost from the demand for exports. When a country can engage in trade, it can export the products in which it has comparative cost advantage and import the commodities that are relatively costlier to produce in the domestic economy. This process as a whole affects the GDP of the economy positively. It also provides prospects of economic growth and development. Per capita GDP on the other hand reflects the standard of living of a country. With increases in the GDP and with the population remaining constant, the per capita GDP increases. This implies an improved standard of living in the economy and an implicit increase in the overall welfare. The growth rate of GDP represents the economic growth rate of a country. Thus GDP is the true economic measure of the growth and partly the development of an economy. (Barro and Martin, 2006) The Australian economy is a mixed market economy and it is one of the largest in the world. Service sector is the most important industry in the economy contributing the maximum proportion of GDP. (Scutt, 2016) In addition to that, the mining and agricultural sectors being the export sectors of the economy largely influence economic growth. Before the Global Financial crisis, the growth was considerably around 3.4% in the Australian Economy. The international financial turmoil affected the economy and henceforth the economic growth or the GDP growth rate of Australia has remained approximate 2.5% over the past years. However, in 2012, Australia experienced a rapid rise in the economic growth to 3.5%. Higher terms of trade and rising demand for the export of raw materials over the years have played a major role in the dynamics of the Australian economy. The rising purchasing power of households has led to increased investments especially in the mining sector. However, manufacturing ou tput has been decreasing over the last few years. The main contributors to economic growth are the mining sectors and the services sector. (Mulligan, 2016) The current economic growth rate is 3.1%. Inflation is about 1% with the cash rate being around 1.5%. The unemployment rate is about 5.8%. (Scutt, 2016) The relative contribution of the sectors can be shown as follows: SECTOR CONTRIBUTION IN GDP (%) SERVICES 58 CONSTRUCTION 9 MINING 7 MANUFACTURING 7 RETAIL TRADE 5 GDP (Comparing Australia and China) China is a socialist market economy. It has recorded the fastest growth rate in the world of around 10% for over three decades. The major contributor in the national income is the public sector and the private sector has a very minimum role to play in the economy. (Vawani,2016) China is known for its manufacturing sector which is the largest in the world and accounts for the exports of the economy. (Magnier, 2016) To compare the GDP of Australia to that of China, the GDP figures, the growth rate of GDP and the per capita GDP is taken into consideration. The GDP (PPP, constant 2011 international $) of Australia and China from 2010 to 2014 is shown as follows: TABLE 1 (GDP) YEAR / COUNTRY AUSTRALIA CHINA 2010 911304031484 12613890833917 2011 932989069867 13810256092313 2012 966881953234 14880592037847 2013 990474347265 16023988452379 2014 1015234732343 17188685792266 The GDP of Australia and China can be compared with the following column diagram: CHART 1 As can be seen from Chart 1, there is a huge scale difference between the GDP of the two countries considered. While the GDP figure of China has ranged around 8 to 9 trillion USD over the years with a very prominent growing trend, the GDP of Australia is around 1.5 trillion USD. Thus Chinas GDP is almost 6 times that of Australia and this figure has been consistent over the period of five years considered. The following table represents the GDP growth rates (annual %) of Australia and China over 2010-2014: TABLE 2 (GDP GROWTH RATE, %) YEAR / COUNTRY AUSTRALIA CHINA 2010 2.0182 10.632 2011 2.3796 9.4845 2012 3.6327 7.7503 2013 2.44 7.6838 2014 2.4999 7.2685 Table 2 shows that while the growth rate of China has started from 10% and has reduced to 7% in the recent years, the growth rate of Australia has been almost four times less than that of China at around 2-3% over the years concerned. This is illustrated with the following line graph: CHART 2 As is evident from Chart 2, the growth rate of China has fallen in the time period concerned. However, in spite of that, the growth rate has been much more than that of Australia. The latter has registered a growing GDP from 2010 to 2012 after which it has slightly fallen to become constant in the recent years. This huge difference in the growth rates of the two countries is indicative of the difference in their respective economic progress controlling for other factors. Compared to China, Australia seems to be growing at a much slower pace. The following table represents the per capita GDP (PPP, constant 2011 international $) of Australia and Chine from 2010 to 2014: TABLE 3 (Per Capita Gdp) YEAR / COUNTRY AUSTRALIA CHINA 2010 41363.22 9429.501 2011 41763.12 10274.49 2012 42540.97 11016.99 2013 42845.49 11805.09 2014 43256.48 12599.18 As Table 3 shows, the per capita GDP of Australia is much more than that of China. This is represented in the following chart: CHART 3 As represented by the column diagram in Chart 3, the per capita GDP of China is much lower than that of Australia. Though the overall GDP of China records much higher figures, the per capita GDP reflects quite the opposite. The main reason behind this is the huge population of China compared to which the population of Australia is much less. Hence when the total GDP gets divided among the entire population, the resulting per capita GDP becomes much lower. The population of the two countries is shown in the following table: TABLE 4 (Population) YEAR / COUNTRY AUSTRALIA CHINA 2010 22031750 1337705000 2011 22340024 1344130000 2012 22728254 1350695000 2013 23117353 1357380000 2014 23470118 1364270000 The following column diagram compares the population of the two countries over the period concerned: CHART 4 As is evident from Chart 4, the population of China is way more than that of Australia. The difference is so huge that the columns for Australia are almost not visible in comparison to those of China. This is the reason why the per capita income in China is much less than that of Australia. Thus, even though the economic growth of China exceeds that of Australia by a huge margin, the per capita income is much less which is indicative of a much lower standard of living in China than in Australia in spite of the rapid economic development. However, in the recent years, the population in China has decreased due to various population control measures adopted by the Chinese government. That is why the per capita GDP has been increasing in the recent years. But it will take a considerable span of time to increase the per capita GDP in China because population control measures are the most effective in the very long run. (Lee, 2016) , (Walker, 2016) The growth rate of per capita GDP (annual %) in Australia and China is shown in the following table: Table 5 (Per Capita Gdp Growth Rate, %) YEAR / COUNTRY AUSTRALIA CHINA 2010 0.443578 10.09869 2011 0.966807 8.961165 2012 1.86253 7.226582 2013 0.715833 7.153475 2014 0.959239 6.726721 The growth rate of per capita GDP is shown in the following diagram: CHART 5 The growth rate of per capita GDP is much more in China, that is, it is almost 10 times as much as that in Australia. There may be different reasons for this behaviour of the per capita GDP. The GDP growth rate and the population growth rate in Australia have been consistent over the years. Hence the per capita GDP growth rate is not as much in Australia. However, for China, the GDP has been growing drastically, whereas the population growth rate has been controlled due to various measures adopted by the government. Thus, the per capita GDP growth rate registers high figures. From 2010 to 2012, the per capita GDP in China has been falling while that in Australia has been rising. After that, the per capita GDP in China has almost become constant while that of Australia has initially fallen and then become constant. (Downes, Hanslow and Tulip, 2014) Thus, the economic growth rate of China is much more than that of Australia. However, the standard of living, as measured by the per capita GDP is much less in China as compared to Australia. The cause of this divergence is the huge population of China. (Jun, 2013), (Scutt, 2016) Factors Affecting the GDP of Australia One of the main factors influencing the GDP growth rate in the Australian economy is the consistent employment generation that has taken place in the economy over the past few years. As new jobs are created, more and more people get employed. This in turn leads to the increase in output from the supply side. (Wilkie and McDonald, 2008) Again, when these people start earning or earning more than they were earning earlier, their consumption and investment demand increase. This boosts up the aggregate demand and hence augments economic growth from the demand side as well. The reduction in unemployment in the Australian economy is one such evidence in favour of the GDP growth being a result of job creation. On the flip side, when unemployment increases, the GDP growth slows down from both the supply side and the demand side of the economy. Thus employment or unemployment is a major factor affecting the GDP of Australia. (Mulligan, 2016) Commodity prices is another component of the GDP that influences the GDP to a great extent. Australia being an exporter of mining and agricultural products, faces international prices with respect to the same. As prices of these commodities fall in the international market, it negatively affects the export sector thereby hindering the GDP growth. On the other hand, demand for exports also rise when prices fall. So the ultimate effect on GDP is determined by the relative changes in prices and demand, that is, the price elasticity of demand. Over the past decade, Australia has experienced a steep increase in the terms of trade mainly due to increase in demand for iron ore and coking coal from China. (Scutt, 2016) Wage growth is also an important factor in determining the GDP. As wages grow, the GDP increases because of a demand side boost that increases the aggregate demand. However, rising wages also translate into rising prices and this may pull down demand. The end result again depends on the relative effects. (Mulligan, 2016) Investment is a primary determinant of GDP. The Australian economy mainly acquires investment in the mining sector. However, rising confidence in the non-mining sectors giving way to rising investment can uplift the economy to a great extent. Credit growth in the business sector of Australia has increased which is a positive sign for the economy. (Downes, Manslow and Tulip, 2014) Various fiscal and monetary policies adopted by the government of Australia influences the growth rate. Economic shocks have also a considerable role to play. However, the booming mining sector absorbs the business cycle shocks protecting the economy from vulnerability. An instance of this is the flexibility reflected by the Australian economy during the Global Financial Crisis because the shock was absorbed mostly by the mining sector. (Mulligan, 2016) Factors Affecting the GDP Of China After the market reforms of 1978, China moved from a centrally planned economy to a market-based economy. Since then, it has experienced tremendous social as well as economic development. The average GDP growth rate is almost 10 percent per annum which is a remarkable number in itself. This growth has moreover been sustained by the Chinese economy over the years, which is the first of its kind in the history of the world. More than 800 million people have been driven out of the poverty as a consequence of this rapid progress. By 2015, China attained all the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It is currently the second largest economy in the world and contributes significantly to the global economy. China economy is a large exporter of cheap substitute electronics and other kinds of commodities like apparel, textiles, medical instruments and iron and steel in the world market. Trade is thus an important determinant of the GDP of China. (Peston, 2015) In a booming Chinese economy, foreign and domestic investment has been a major contributor to the growth of GDP. Labour abundance arising out of the huge population of China has contributed to the production of the many labour-intensive commodities that the economy produces for the domestic market as well as in the global markets. (Walker, 2015) Thus population growth which however has recently been checked is also an important contributor of the GDP. However, it is still a developing country with incomplete market reforms. Rapid growth and development have been accompanied by rising inequality, issues of environmental sustainability, urbanization and external imbalances. China is the largest manufacturing exporter on the global trade forum. (Assbring, 2012) The manufacturing sector plays a very important role in determining the GDP of the economy. However, China also imports various inputs like iron ore, etc. in huge volumes. The trade sector thus greatly affects the GDP. One major factor that has adverse as well as positive effects on the GDP of China is the population of the economy. (Schreurs, 2014) The reduction in the per capita income of the economy is a result of the huge population. This leads to a deterioration in the overall standard of living. The one-child policy that has lately been adopted by the Chinese government is a strategy towards reducing the population growth. (Samuelson and Nordhaus, 2014) Though the effectiveness of the policy will be delayed, in the future, this will lead to a considerable improvement in the GDP growth. Thus, the overall economic performance of the Chinese economy has been consistent and better over the years . (Vaswani, 2016) Conclusion Australia is an exporter of mining and agricultural commodities. On the international forum, the economy has experienced considerable export boom. International trade being a primary GDP component affects the GDP figures of the country. The mining industry of Australia is presumably the most efficient in the world and persistent growth in this sector contributes to the growing GDP of the economy. In addition to that, real estate investments in certain parts of the country have shown successful prospects over the past few years. Labour productivity is also an important factor that the country has an advantage over and which helps the GDP grow. Thus, Australia has been performing well over the past years except for occasional fluctuations in certain macroeconomic variables. On the other hand, the Chinese economy has progressed rapidly over the past few years because of the proper implementation of reforms and appropriate policies. The population growth has been considerably checked to support economic growth. Moreover, the country has made a remarkable progress in the international trade forum. It is a very important entity in the global trade framework contributing a major part of world exports. 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